Education in the Philippines Essay Example for Free

Training in the Philippines Essay 1. Refer to at any rate three targets of the 1992 EDCOM, 1998 PESS and 1998 PCER. The three advancements to the Philippine training framework had these regular goals: * To present curricular change curricular changes in the school association * To explore the methods of conveyance, strategy structures, and academic ways of thinking and prescribe enhancement thereof * To adjust education’s modalities to the requirements of the occasions 2. What are the regular discoveries and suggestions of the three examinations directed comparable to the Philippine instruction framework? A. Normal Findings I. High dropout rates particularly in rustic zones ii. Dominance of understudies in significant abilities as appeared in accomplishment levels iii. Significant levels of straightforward proficiency among 15-multi year-olds and 15+ year-olds iv. Most elevated reiteration rate in Grade I v. Kids were commonly incapacitated by genuine insufficiencies in their own constitution and in the abilities they expected to effectively experience the ingestion of learning B. Suggestions I. Tri-centralization in the administration of management of fundamental training, specialized professional instruction, and tertiary instruction ii. Guarantee satisfactory financing and improve the nature of fundamental instruction iii. Slow and turn around the indiscriminate extension of low-quality tertiary training iv. Give fair access to training at all levels so meriting families and networks can profit by the arrangement of government funded instruction v. Improve generally speaking division the executives through more prominent neighborhood cooperation and responsibility 3. Distinguish the activities taken by the concerned organizations to react to the suggestions of the investigations led? Activities taken are the accompanying: * Congress ordered Republic Act 7722 that made the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) that is liable for advanced education * Congress instituted Republic Act 7796 that made the Technical Skills Development Authority (TESDA) which is compelled by a solemn obligation to regulate and oversee post-optional and center level labor preparing and advancement * Congress authorized Republic Act 9155 that made the Department of Education (DepEd) that handles fundamental training (basic and auxiliary levels) * For a period, there was ban on the foundation of State Colleges and Universities (SCUs) * Tertiary instruction has been given decreased designation for Maintenance and Other Operating Expenses (MOOE) * Surveys on applied evaluation philosophies and procedures were directed * Republic Act 10029 (Philippine Psychology Act of 2009) was established into law that expects to keep up the improvement of evaluation which is a piece of the administrations offered by analysts * Executive Order No. 46 set up the Presidential Commission on Educational Reform (PCER) that is a multi-sectoral body that characterized a far reaching and spending plan possible program of change in the training framework 4. Do the activities taken affect the sickly Philippine instructive framework? Truly. From numerous points of view the activities taken by the separate offices of the legislature have made effect on the Philippine instruction framework. For example, DepEd has now packed in reinforcing the information and aptitudes of rudimentary and auxiliary level students so as to set them up to the more thorough life in tertiary training. Moreover, CHED has presented the accentuation of research in help to new showing philosophies and has distinguished â€Å"Centers of Excellence† and â€Å"Centers of Development† among schools and colleges across the country. At that point TESDA sharpens the aptitudes of center level labor that is required in the nation and abroad. Albeit much must be done at this point to make an air of real fantastic Philippine training framework, an ever increasing number of activities have been attempted by the legislature to address the squeezing issues on breaking down nature of instruction. Beside upgrading the abilities of student.

Meaning of life Essay Example for Free

Which means of life Essay The humanities are scholarly trains which study the human condition, utilizing techniques that are to a great extent explanatory, basic, or theoretical, as recognized from the essentially observational methodologies of the normal and sociologies. The humanities, for example, traditional and current dialects, writing, history, and theory, have the general objective of the investigation and clarification of human experience. Some would incorporate the expressive arts (music, craftsmanship, move, and show) in the humanities, however others see expressions of the human experience as a different classification. (We remember the understanding of the expressive arts for this course). In many trains in the humanities, composed writings are critical, particularly ever, reasoning, and writing. History specialists endeavor a methodical documentation and investigation of occasions identified with a specific people, nation, or period. Abstract creators and specialists endeavor to catch for others their own human encounters and comprehension of the world. The humanities include investigation into cognizance, qualities, thoughts, and beliefs as they try to portray how encounters shape our comprehension of the world. Humanities can be characterized as instructive courses that are planned for showing people the human condition in an assortment of structures. Significant of Humanities The significance of humanities is that it is a scholastic order that reviews the human condition, it incorporates antiquated and present day dialects, for example, writing, theory, religion, and visual and performing expressions, for example, music and theater, and it is additionally viewed as sociologies that incorporate history, humanities, zone considers, correspondence examines, social investigations, law, financial aspects, and phonetics. Every one of these subjects influence us a people and affects our chronicled improvement just as where we are made a beeline for. Humanities is the most seasoned territory of study that rotates around the investigation of individuals, what makes us human, and our authentic turn of events and what we are required to do. Huge utilization of humanities is that they help us to develop what we have acquired from past ages. It is significant we comprehend that all that we are today has taken a very long time to construct and us a general public we have in reality been shaped by our past. It is through this understanding makes us not have any desire to return toâ question our cause yet expand on our present to confront what's to come. The other significance of humanities is that they help us as person to ponder back how the past ages handled issues that are confronting us as of now. Rather than the characteristic sciences that attention on quantitative clarifications also depiction of life occasions, humanities expressly center around clarifications of significant worth. Humanities are compare to expressions however it’s essential to take note of that they are natural as opposed to basic, logical and not expressive, intelligent and dynamic. Overall humanities think back on our interest in our human instinct and human culture creation. The other significance of humanities is that they are the premise of learning. They include the investigation of composing, perusing, thinking and language. Parts of Humanities The parts of humanities comprise of dialects, expressions of the human experience, writing, theory, religion and history. Dialects This specific part of humanities comprises of learning the manner in which individuals convey in various talking nations. It carries a feeling of culture to people as they are probably going to be encouraged the different history and roots of the dialects they learn. The Arts human expressions comprise of theater, music, workmanship and film. They are for the most part mechanisms of self articulation and these courses specifically energize individual understanding and examination. Expressive arts courses additionally come into this class; be that as it may, they center more around the authentic types of craftsmanship and their starting points. Writing Literature alludes to books, short stories, plays, etc. People endeavor to translate the importance of writings and investigate imagery and subjects. Writing courses dive into social angles that may impact writings. Reasoning and religion These courses study human conduct and the well established inquiries, for example, the importance of life and the presence of God. They investigate different societies and their strict convictions just as good codes. History This is apparently the most realities based course as people dive into past occasions, for example, war and legislative issues and how social orders and societies have been influenced consistently. References: http://composing. colostate. edu/guides/instructing/co301aman/pop6b. cfm http://training. blurtit. com/1978174/what-is-humanities-and-its-branches http://www. inquire. com/question/significance of-humanities http://humanitiesforums. organization/2012/07/16/the-significance of-humanities-as-a-discipline/.

Im Kind of a Big Deal

I’m Kind of a Big Deal Im beginning to think the foliage is out to get me. I was hit by another leaf, on the foot, two days ago. It wasnt a gentle smack, but it actually stuck to my foot since it was damp out (seriously, you cant make this stuff up. Okay, maybe you can, but Im not, I swear). To make matters worse, I was wearing open heels, and had recently showered (it happens more often than you might think), as I was going to my houses formal. Brian speculates: All my buddies tell me MIT is for a bunch of nerds who have no life. Is that true? Can you have a stronger interest in your liberal art courses and still have a good chance of making it in MIT? A NERD? Why, Ive never been called a nerd in my life! Good heavens! (Affirmative.) Its really hard for me to explain the nerd stereotype; the best thing you could do would be to come here, stay with an MIT student, and see for yourself. I consider myself a nerd proudly, but at the same time, I go to the mall, wear makeup, and own way too many pairs of shoes. We play a ridiculous amount of intramural sports and have parties that dont just involve problem sets; we work hard and we play hard too. If thats not enough for you, I shower. Daily. As for liberal arts, Ive been a writer ever since I wrote my first book in fourth grade, I take pictures, I sing, I dance, Im in a sketch comedy group. I took all the AP history and English courses I could get my hands on in high school, in conjunction with AP Computer Science and AP Calculus BC. Other examples: half of my friend Christinas courses are humanities courses, and my buddy Matt Fisher is a political science major. We have an excellent creative writing program and art department. So yes, MIT students are well-rounded human beings who dont sit inside all day and look at peoples source codes (okay, I only do that a few times a week). Were social, especially with those we live with my hall won a bbq paid for by our house because we won the community service contest for Camp Kesem, a program for children whose parents have or had cancer. Oh, and we go to formals. This Friday my house rented a huge cruise that sailed around the harbor as we danced the night away; the only problem was that we had to take either the T (subway) or a taxi to get out there. I got back late because of MedLinks training, and since Next House is the very farthest you can get from the T station, we had to scoot across campus at high speeds in our suits and ties. It was all very classy, really. You might remember Curtis 10 from an old entry of Bens, or as the guy voted Most Likely to Cure Cancer; hes been a good friend of mine since fourth grade. Hes also a genius. To be good at math is to catch a Curtis. We have a lot of those here at MIT, as you might guess, and its the coolest thing in the world be sharing a communal bathroom with intellectual giants. Look at how our hair has grown. A metaphor, for our development as college freshmen, if you will. Isnt life beautiful? So I never imagined that writing an entry about being hit in the face by a leaf would cause such a stir, but the other day as I was walking back to my dorm, a stranger stopped me to ask how my face was doing. My mother called to tell me to be more alert (I believe this means I should be taking ninja classes or something of the sort to avoid leaf attacks). My father sent me an email later (ccd to the rest of my family) beginning with this: Once I was walking on a sidewalk when suddenly a huge tree trunk on my face. I avoided cracking my head open by hitting the trunk only by a few seconds. Thats what happens when you dont pay attention to your situation and surroundings. Dont let a tree trunk hit your face. My sister and I met up later that night (shes a student at another university in Cambridge that I affectionately call The Harv), during which we had this conversation: ELSA: Are you okay? ME: Uh, yeah. Why? ELSA: Dad told me a tree branch hit you in the face and knocked you unconscious. I assure you I have been very much alive and kicking, even though I didnt get to post an entry this week about how a rampant field of grass beat me at the knee. (Im just kidding, Dad.) This questioning took place last night, during which I went with my sister to a stand-up comedy show called Comedy for a Cause, a benefit for the Deep Roots Scholarship Fund. It featured several nationally recognized comedians, including the hugging guy from the Dave Matthews video Everyday. So I went. I laughed. And I hugged the hugging guy. Speaking of famous people I meet and entries on leaves in faces, L spoketh: Someone besides me listens to Regina Spektor?! Wow. Indeed, L, all these people below (and a certain Mr. Jones) listen to Regina Spektor. All these people (not including Mr. Jones, because he had to do work, right) also met and talked to Regina Spektor. For everyone else who doesnt, they should. She is amazing. She is my sweetest downfall; I loved her first. I did write up answers to a bunch of your questions, but Im going to wait a bit to post them since this one was a bit long and I dont want to bore you, so feel free to ask me more! If you have a specific topic that you want me to write about, let me know that too. Remember, if you dont ask, you dont find out (dun dun dunn). I definitely dont have all the answers, but Ill do the best I can to cover all the bases from quantum mechanics to dating and dining food. And dont stress too much even here at MIT, we take time off to smell the fall air.

Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s Story, The Yellow Wallpaper,...

Isolating the sick is only necessary if the ailing is contagious. In Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† the isolation of Jennie was the major foundation of her illness. If Jennie was surrounded by loved ones, she would feel their love and be encouraged to get stronger. By being isolated from family and friends Jennie slips into her abandoned, bleak thoughts. Her only way to express herself was through writing on â€Å"dead paper† in her journal. Those words alone should have been a warning signal. When one is sick they should be able to talk about it freely, articulate what they are going through, and vent their emotions out loud. Jennie should not have been isolating her thoughts to â€Å"dead paper.† Jennie’s husband†¦show more content†¦Keeping a mentally ill person away from the ones she cares about is not helping her, it is avoiding the problem. Recently, Disney released a movie which helps prove that isolation is not a treatment. A princess named Elsa, in Disney’s Frozen, is born with the powers to create ice and snow. Soon she accidently harms her sister with her powers. Elsa is quickly sent into the loneliness of her bedroom, which she once shared with her sister. The isolation hurt her relationship with her sister and they quickly drifted apart. Elsa never got the chance to learn how to control her powers in public, due to her confinement. Jennie is locked away with only one companion, her distracting and ever present crazy thoughts. She is â€Å"encouraged to exercise â€Å"self-control† and avoid expressing negative thoughts and fears about her illness† the same requests were placed on Elsa and her powers. Elsa was told to â€Å"conceal, don’t feel, don’t let them know† about her special powers the same as Jennie is concealed to isolation, and told to not feel the pain of he r illness. Jennie is never given the chance to prove that she could control herself around others. It is hard to prove that one is harmless to be around if no one is allowed to get close to them. The isolation of Jennie and Elsa was wrong and only led to more problems. Jennie and Elsa were only ever given one option of healing, isolation. As a result of Jennie’s isolation, her life once known by her and her loved

Theme Of Anxiety In Catcher In The Rye - 849 Words

Existential anxiety is the negative feeling that arises in a human being. In the novel, Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, the main character, Holden narrates events that happen after his school, Pencey, kicked him out for his deficient grades.With signs of this anxiety, he quickly finds himself in a state of depression caused by his struggle of growing up. Overwhelmed and afraid, Holden runs the other direction when he is hit with the idea of aging and his immature and innocent characteristics allow him to wander astray. Holden deals with his existential anxiety from his greatest fear, but throughout the story, we distinguish him experience phases of self hate from childish impulses and attempting to move towards the path of self†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, Holden starts daydreaming and thinking about his ideal future. He thinks, â€Å"I got excited as hell thinking about it. I really did. I knew the part about pretending I was a deaf-mute really decided to go out West and all† (Salinger, 199). As seen before, Holden is running away from his problems like a child and displays symptoms of helplessness because of his existential anxiety. Instead of facing the problem head on, Holden acts as if he is unable to live his idea self. Ultimately, Holden shows that he is in the path of self hate due to his childish and immature behavior. The protagonist, Holden, is moving away from the issue of existential anxiety and path of self hate into the path of self compassion, breathing, awareness, acknowledgement, acceptance, action, and appreciation, by demonstrating acts of kindness to others. In the beginning of the story, Holden would often judge a person instantly, such as Ackley and Stradlater, but later in the novel, we notice that Holden shows less judgement and more endearment in the form of the steps of self compassion. An example appears when Holden picks out a gift for her sister, Phoebe. When he picked out the record Little Shirley Beans to give to her, he said, â€Å"I could hardly wait to get to the park to see if old Phoebe was around so that I could give it to her† (Salinger, 116).Show MoreRelatedTheme Of Anxiety In Catcher In The Rye911 Words   |  4 Pages The definition of existential anxiety is the negative feeling that arises in a human being. In the novel, Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, the main character, Holden narrates events that happen after his school, Pencey, kicked him out for his deficient grades.With signs of this anxiety, he quickly finds himself in a state of depression caused by his struggle of growing up. Overwhelmed and afraid, Holden runs the other direction when he is hit with the idea of aging and his immature and innocentRead MoreHolden Caulfield and the Pressures of Society: The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1286 Words   |  6 Pagesoften have a message or theme for the reader. Not only do authors use themes, but also well developed characters to bring a novel t o life. In the bildungsroman, The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, characterization is often found, especially regarding the protagonist, Holden Caulfield. Salinger also includes many themes in his novel relating to growing up in a corrupt society. Hence, this paper will compare, contrast, and evaluate literary criticisms regarding the themes and characterizationRead More 1950s Culture Exposed in The Catcher in the Rye Essay1361 Words   |  6 Pages1950s Culture Exposed in The Catcher in the Rye    J.D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye is a remarkable book that gives readers a unique and perhaps gloomy perspective of the 1950s through Holden Caulfield, a cynical and peculiar teenager. Through The Catcher in the Rye Salinger describes important aspects of the 1950s. Salinger emphasizes several key characteristics of the 50s and criticizes them through Holden. In addition, Holden Caulfield is a very interesting character withRead MoreJ.b. Salinger s A Perfect Day For Bananafish 1714 Words   |  7 PagesBuddhism, Hindu-Buddhism, and other Eastern beliefs. Buddhism can be found throughout Nine Stories in the book s closing story Teddy. He also was a devoted student of The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna, an important work of Hindu mysticism. The Catcher in the Rye is about Holden Caulfield who is a teenage who is great at being a slacker. The book starts with Holden failing school for the fourth time. During the last days before his leaves he looks for a way to finish his school experience but he endsRead MoreThe Innocence of Childhood in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1262 Words   |  6 Pages mature individual. The novel â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye† by J.D. Salinger follows the endeavours of Holden Caulfield, a sixteen-year-old teenage boy who faces a point in his life where he must make the transition from childhood to adulthood. In an attempt to retain his own childhood, he begins hoping to stop other young children from growing up and losing their innocence as well. As indicated by the title, â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye† is a book that explores a theme involving the preservation of innocenceRead MoreF. Salinger s The Catcher Of The Rye1121 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the best known novels in English-speaking countries, J.D Salinger’s Catcher In The Rye deals with Holden Caulfield’s past trauma which is the triggering factor in his depression, anxiety and alienation. Holden tells an unnamed person what has happened in the three days prior to his mental breakdown. Through Holden’s relatable characteristics and Salinger’s narrative treatment, the book continues to engage audiences across generations. The way that Salinger writes gives the audience a veryRead MoreReview Of The Perks Of Being A Wallflower 1569 Words   |  7 Pagesindividuals for the transition from childhood to adulthood. Stephen Chobsky’s novel, The Perks of Being a Wallflower, and J.D. Salinger’s novel, The Catcher in the Rye, are critically acclaimed coming of age stories that document the turbulence of adolescence. The protagonists of these novels, Charlie and Holden Caulfield, both encounter common themes in adolescence such as alienation, confusion of sexuality, and loss of innocence. However, although Charlie and Holden share similar experiences inRead MoreSuccess And Prosperity Of Shakespeare s Macbeth And The Catcher 1710 Words   |  7 PagesSuccess and Prosperity in Macbeth and The Catcher in the Rye From the beginning of time, achieving success and greatness has been the ultimate human goal. Success can be found in many different forms, from ruling a Roman empire to receiving a high grade on a test. Society’s view of success has changed throughout generations, urging people to conform to society’s beliefs in order to fulfill their goals and dreams. The theme of success and fulfillment are evident in literature and theatre pieces thatRead MoreCatcher In The Rye And The Kite Runner First Person Narrative1387 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent. Different colours, religions, different morals and beliefs, and maybe most important different perspectives on the world. In both The Catcher in the Rye in The Kite Runner the male protagonist tells the course of events from their perspective, and their role as narrator has a significant impact on the novels In both The Catcher in the Rye, and The Kite Runner, first person narration played a critical role in helping the reader know and understand the main characters, Holden CaulfieldRead MoreThe Catcher Of The Rye, By J. D. Salinger1699 Words   |  7 Pageshas changed throughout generations, urging people to conform to society’s beliefs in order to fulfill their goals and dreams. The theme of success and fulfillment are evident in literature and theatre pieces that were written centuries ago, and continue into novels written in the present. The play Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, and the novel The Catcher in the Rye, written by J. D. Salinger follow the lives of two protagonists’ as they are each individually shaped by society’s idea of prosperity

Rogarian Arguments Free Essays

Quiz – Chapter 2 Name: U number: 1. The dramatic recovery of Russian Economy in recent days can be attributed to: a. record world prices for oil and gas b. We will write a custom essay sample on Rogarian Arguments or any similar topic only for you Order Now the succession of Vladimir Putin as president c. Putin slashed subsidies to state-owned enterprises d. the price increases for imports due to ruble’s devaluation e. all of the above can be attributed 2. According to author William Greider, executives and marketers must take into account the following new realities in the global economic situation: a. production has become â€Å"uncoupled† from employment b. he world economy dominates the scene c. the struggle between capitalism and socialism is over d. the growth of e-commerce diminishes the importance of national barriers e. all of the above 3. The rampant corruption and bribery witnessed in a nation’s economy is referred to as: a. re-nationalization b. managed democracy c. Kleptocracy d. autocracy e. None of the above 4. One of the distinguishing features of Centrally Planned Capitalism economic system is: a. all production resources are privately owned b. the state has broad powers to serve the public interes t as it sees fit c. ommand resource allocation is utilized extensively in private resource ownership environment d. market allocation policies are permitted within and environment of state ownership e. none of the above 5. The Swedish government has significant holdings in key business sectors and has hybrid economic system that incorporate: a. market capitalism and centrally planned socialism b. centrally planned socialism and market socialism c. centrally planned socialism and capitalism d. market socialism and market capitalism e. market capitalism and socialistic capitalism 6. Which type of economic system is characterized by command resource allocation and private resource ownership: a. market capitalism b. centrally-planned capitalism c. market socialism d. centrally-planned socialism e. None of the above 7. Which type of economic system is characterized by market resource allocation and state resource ownership: a. market capitalism b. centrally-planned capitalism c. market socialism d. centrally-planned socialism e. None of the above 8. China predominantly follows an economic system that can be classified under: a. centrally planned socialism b. market socialism . market capitalism d. centrally planned capitalism e. socialistic capitalism 9. Which of the following is true about economic output in China today: a. the state sector accounts for about 75 percent of output b. the state and private sectors each account for about 50 percent of output c. the private sector accounts for about 75 percent of output d. the private sector is virtually nonexistent i n China e. the state sector is virtually nonexistent in China 10. The Washington, DC-based Heritage Foundation compiles a survey of over 150 countries ranked by degree of economic freedom. Although there are a number of key economic variables which are considered in this ranking it does not include: a. monetary policy b. banking policy c. black market d. property rights e. none of the above 11. Singapore banned the import, manufacture, and sales of chewing gum in the country since wads of gum were making a mess on sidewalks, buses, and subway trains. Violators are subject to severe penalties and before buying a pack consumers must register their names and addresses. This according to author William Greider demonstrates that Singapore’s government: a. is harshly autocratic . administers a paranoid control over Singaporeans c. administers a paranoid control over press and politics d. runs an effective welfare state e. all of the above 12. The general characteristics shared by low-income countries does not include: a. high birth rates b. low literacy rates c. concentration in Africa south of the Sahara d. heavy reliance on foreign aid e. low tourist income 13. Whic h of the following BRIC nations fall in the lower-middle-income category? a. India and China b. China and Brazil c. Brazil and Russia d. Russia and India e. none of the above 14. Pursuing alternative sources of energy, such as wind and solar power is important due to the fact that: a. people in developing countries are more conscious about environment b. global marketers are more interested in publicizing environmental issues c. it is easy to develop solar power in many parts of the world d. heavy reliance on fossil fuels contributes to global warming e. people worldwide can afford to buy power generated from wind and solar 15. Product and market opportunities in a postindustrial society are more heavily dependent upon new products and innovations than in industrial societies. An example of this would be: . Nestle marketing Bono brand cookies in Brazil b. Coca-cola company developing a beverage Vintago in low-income countries c. New e-commerce markets for interactive forms of electronic communication d. Hermes creating handbags called Amazonia e. India’s Suzlon Energy using wind driven turbines 16. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Developm ent (OECD) is comprised of: a. the 30 high-income countries b. countries that believe in market-allocation economic systems c. pluralistic democracies d. countries that demonstrate progress toward economic reform e. all of the above statements are applicable 7. The fastest-growing sector of world trade includes: a. travel and entertainment b. accounting and legal services c. royalties and license fees d. engineering services e. all of the above 18. Between the year 2001 and 2006, China bought more than $ 250 billion in U. S. Treasury bonds. Such purchases: a. ensures that China’s currency is relatively weak compared to the U. S. dollar b. indicate that China is not sure of its economic viability c. show that currency exchange rate is unpredictable d. predict that yuan will be devalued in the near future e. China’s currency is stronger than the U. S. dollar 9. To the extent that a country sells more goods and services abroad than it buys, there will be: a. a greater dem and for its currency b. a surplus production of goods and services c. a scarcity of goods and services within the country d. a need for revaluation of its currency e. time for fluctuating its currency 20. The Big Mac Index dated February 01, 2007 shows that the price of Big Mac in China was 11 yuan whereas its price in the United States was $ 3. 22. The index translated into yuan being undervalued by 56%. This shows that: a. Big Mac is more expensive in the United States than in China b. Big Mac is less expensive in the United States than in China c. Big Mac costs the same in the United States and China d. Big Mac is less popular in China than in the United States e. Big Mac is more popular in China than in the United States Essay Question The newly independent countries of the former Soviet Union present an interesting situation: on one hand the income is declining creating considerable economic hardship whereas there are attractive opportunities with good potential from moving out of the low-income category. What are some of the problems and opportunities for these countries? How to cite Rogarian Arguments, Papers

The Harmful effect of television free essay sample

The Harmful Effects of Watching Television In a culture where most people have at least two TV sets in their homes and are obsessed with watching television, it is almost impossible to neglect pointing out the possible harmful effects of watching too much television. Television certainly has much to offer, and without a doubt is a great innovation. But when it comes to relying on it, whether to be informed or entertained, it can certainly affect people negatively. Here are the main harmful effects of watching television that you should always keep in mind Television is bad for your health Watching television means inactivity, and inactivity has been linked with obesity and heart disease. Do you think it is just a coincidence that in the West, where people are spending enormous amounts of time watching television, obesity and heart diseases in people of all ages are rapidly increasing? More and more studies are being carried out on the harmful health effects of watching television. We will write a custom essay sample on The Harmful effect of television or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A recent research study conducted at the Harvard School of Public Health indicates that watching too much television can significantly increase the risk of developing obesity and type 2 diabetes. Not surprisingly, another study carried out at the University of Rhode Island found that prolonged television watching decreases viewers’ sense of self-efficacy in maintaining personal health. Television makes you dumb Another amazingly harmful effect of watching television is the fact it can hinder our ability to think. Having talking heads continuously giving us quick information, opinion, analysis and criticism for just about everything, allows us to stop using our critical thinking. In this way, we can be easily misinformed and manipulated. Certainly there are a few programs on TV that are educational and interesting, but the majority of   television programs are simply trash. And so we rarely find a program on TV that requires us to think. Television programming is designed in such a way so as to match our attention spam, and that is why almost all programs are 30 to 60 minutes long. In addition, television programs rarely dedicate the entire program to a single topic. Hence, not only television programs cannot provide any decent thought to stimulate discussion, but they present information in such a way that we cannot digest it properly. And so we can easily form opinions without allowing the information to be first filtered through our mind, and while we might think that we become more knowledgeable, in reality we become dumb.

The Resultant Event Essay

The Resultant Event Essay The Resultant Event Essay ENG-05W Final Essay The Resultant Events The officers watched the detectives closely. The politics of a police department were conflicted and convoluted. The officers were of two minds about the detectives. In the first instance, they knew that they needed to act in a subordinate manner. The detectives were important figures in the department. However, they also knew that the detectives were facing reprimand and dishonor if their investigation did not turn up anything of significant importance. This led to a sense of divided loyalties. The two detectives had begun to sense, quite correctly, that the officers were only honoring them with their mouths, but that their hearts were not in the right place. This sense of conflicted loyalty on the part of the officers came from the events preceding the investigation. It was important to understand the history and background of the town of New Bedford. New Bedford had been a quiet town founded in the time of the first colonial settlers. The New England town would experience explosive growth in the middle of the 1800's – shortly after the United States Civil War – as a rare gold field was found in the nearby foothills. New buildings sprang up overnight in the town during the gold rush. One of those new buildings was built by Josiah Cranberry. He was a young gold miner determined to cash in on this opportunity for riches. The background of coming from nothing left a person hungry for success. This was close to Josiah's mind as he built a simple house and went out every day to seek the life he wanted to build. He had been attracted at a young age to a beautiful young lady from a well to do family. He knew they would never accept her marriage to a man from such lowly origins as he. It must be remembered that the environment and social customs were much different in that time. The class distinctions in the world were far more noticeable and apparent. Thus, the opportunity to mine for gold was a huge potential ben efit for him. He imagined going back to gain the hand of the one he loved. Yet in the smooty town, such dreams were hard to realize. Josiah was counseled not to be overly hopeful. Josiah went farther out than most of his fellow gold seekers. He reasoned that it would be easier to strike it rich where the ground had not been previously inspected to such a great degree. This determination proved wise in his case. He was outfitted with the main tools of the trade. He had a mining pan and a shovel. One day, being discouraged, he wandered home along a different path. Coming upon a small stream, Josiah was shocked to discover gold in the water. Panning, he felt he had struck a source of wealth. Perhaps his dreams were closer than he had realized. He quickly noted the location of this site on his map. Then he headed back to town and spoke with a trusty innkeeper. Old John Barnes had been an innkeeper for many decades. He was a shrewd and squinty old man. Yet he had a reputat ion for being trustworthy. This was hardly earned, as it would come to be revealed. In any event, Josiah went on to tell him all about the situation, and ask that he assist Josiah in procuring the necessary claims and paperwork. When he went to bed that night, Josiah was happier than he had ever been. However, some days later, he would find that the innkeeper had taken the site for himself. Josiah had not even been mentioned as the founder of the site. Great wealth accrued to the innkeeper, while the young man pined his life away for his lost opportunity and his lost love. This was the start of the Cranberry – Barnes feud. For over one-hundred years after this, the feud was fought long and hard. By a quirk of fate, both men had large families in time, and they both stayed near New Bedford. Barnes was a rich family, but their unethical manner of gaining riches always left them in a state of moral decay. Generations later, the

Ancient Mayan Architecture - Temples and Palaces

Ancient Mayan Architecture - Temples and Palaces The Maya were an advanced society that flourished in Mesoamerica long before the arrival of the Spanish in the sixteenth century. They were skilled architects, building great cities of stone that remain even a thousand years after their civilization fell into decline. The Maya built pyramids, temples, palaces, walls, residences and more. They often decorated their buildings with intricate stone carvings, stucco statues, and paint. Today, Maya architecture is important, as it is one of the few aspects of Maya life that is still available for study. Maya City-States Unlike the Aztecs in Mexico or the Inca in Peru, the Maya were never a unified empire ruled by a single ruler from a single place. Rather, they were a series of smaller city-states who ruled the immediate vicinity but had little to do with other cities if they were far enough away. These city-states traded with and warred upon one another frequently, so cultural exchange, including architecture, was common. Some of the more important Maya city-states were Tikal, Dos Pilas, Calakmul, Caracol, Copn, Quirigu, Palenque, Chichà ©n Itz and Uxmal (there were many others). Although every Maya city is different, they tended to share certain characteristics, such as general layout.​ Layout of Maya Cities Maya tended to lay their cities out in plaza groups: clusters of buildings around a central plaza. This was true of the impressive buildings in the city center (temples, palaces, etc) as well as smaller residential areas. These plazas are rarely neat and orderly and to some, it may seem as if the Maya built anywhere they pleased. This is because they Maya built on the irregularly-shaped higher ground to avoid floods and dampness associated with their tropical forest home. In the center of the cities were the important public buildings such as temples, palaces, and the ball court. Residential areas radiated out from the city center, growing sparser the further they got from the center. Raised stone walkways linked the residential areas with each other and the center. Later Maya cities were built on higher hills for defense and had high walls surrounding most of the city or at least the centers. Maya Homes The Maya kings lived in stone palaces in the city center near the temples, but the common Maya lived in small houses outside the city center. Like the city center, the homes tended to be bunched together in clusters: some researchers believe that extended families lived together in one area. Their modest homes are thought to be much like the homes of their descendants in the region today: simple structures constructed mostly of wooden poles and thatch. The Maya tended to build up a mound or base and then build upon it: as the wood and thatch wore away or rotted they would tear it down and build again on the same foundation. Because the common Maya were often forced to build on lower ground than the palaces and temples in the city center, many of these mounds have been lost to flooding or encroaching wilderness. The City Center The Maya built great temples, palaces, and pyramids in their city centers. These were often mighty stone structures, over which wooden buildings and thatched roofs were often built. The city center was the physical and spiritual heart of the city. Important rituals were done there, in the temples, palaces, and ball courts. Maya Temples Like many Maya buildings, Maya temples were built of stone, with platforms on the top where wooden and thatch structures could be built. Temples tended to be pyramids, with steep stone steps leading to the top, where important ceremonies and sacrifices took place. Many temples are graced by elaborate stone carvings and glyphs. The most magnificent example is the famous Hieroglyphic Stairway at Copn. Temples were often built with astronomy in mind: certain temples are aligned to the movements of Venus, the sun or the moon. In the Lost World Complex at Tikal, for example, there is a pyramid which faces three other temples. If youre standing on the pyramid, the other temples are aligned with the rising sun on equinoxes and solstices. Important rituals took place at these times. Maya Palaces The Palaces were large, multi-storied buildings which were home to the king and royal family. They tended to be made of stone with wooden structures on top. Roofs were made of thatch. Some Maya palaces are spacious, including courtyards, different structures that were possibly homes, patios, towers, etc. The palace at Palenque is a good example. Some of the palaces are quite large, leading researchers to suspect that they also acted as a sort of administrative center, where Maya bureaucrats regulated tribute, trade, agriculture, etc. This was also the place where the king and noblemen would interact not only with the common people but also with diplomatic visitors. Feasts, dances, and other community social events could also have taken place there. Ball Courts The ceremonial ball game was an important part of Maya life. Common and noble people alike played for fun and recreation, but some games had important religious and spiritual significance. Sometimes, after important battles in which important prisoners were taken (such as enemy noblemen or even their Ahau, or King) these prisoners would be forced to play a game against the victors. The game represented a re-enactment of the battle, and afterward, the losers (which were naturally the enemy nobles and soldiers) were ceremonially executed. Ball courts, which were rectangular with sloped walls on either side, were prominently placed in Maya cities. Some of the more important cities had several courts. Ball courts were sometimes used for other ceremonies and events. Surviving Maya Architecture Although they were not on a par with the legendary Inca stonemasons of the Andes, Maya architects built structures which have withstood centuries of abuse. Mighty temples and palaces at places like Palenque, Tikal, and Chichen Itza survived centuries of abandonment, followed by excavation and now thousands of tourists walking and climbing all over them. Before they were protected, many ruin sites were scavenged by locals looking for stones for their homes, churches or businesses. That the Maya structures have survived so well is a testament to the skill of their builders. The Maya temples and palaces that have withstood the test of time often contain stone carvings depicting battles, wars, kings, dynastic successions and more. The Maya were literate and had a written language and books, of which only a few survive. The carved glyphs on temples and palaces are therefore important because there is so little remaining of the original Maya culture. Source McKillop, Heather. The Ancient Maya: New Perspectives. New York: Norton, 2004.

Injury and violence free living Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Injury and violence free living - Research Paper Example The rate of unintentional injury deaths were noted to be 40.0 deaths per 100,000 population with 2007 as the baseline year and as much as 60.6% of children have been exposed and affected by violence, either directly or indirectly (National Prevention Strategy Indicators, n.d.). In this regard, the current discourse aims to investigate and explore this priority area in terms of providing details on evidence-based approaches to address injuries and violence in identified populations and communities. Evidence-Based Approaches to Addressing the Priority Area o Healthy and Safe Community Environments In a study written by Merzel & D'Affliti (2003), the authors have delved into evaluating 20 years of community-based programs to determine effectiveness in promoting healthy and safe community environments. According to their findings, â€Å"the evidence from the past 20 years indicates, however, that many community-based programs have had only modest impact, with the notable exception of a number of HIV prevention programs† (Merzel & D'Affliti, 2003, p. 557). ... Negative health and developmental outcomes are concentrated among children living within high-poverty and disadvantaged neighborhoods† (Komro, Flay, Biglan, & Consortium: Summary, 2011, par. 1). It was therefore aptly recommended that collaborative efforts among community members are needed to design integrated strategies which would address physical and social factors that influence the well-being and development of children. These efforts are therefore consistent with the thrust of addresssing the priority area of injury and violence free living, as prescribed. o Clinical and Community Preventive Services The research study written by McElwaine, et al., (2013) identified behavioral risk factors that allegedly contribute to increased preponderance for mortality and morbidity. These factors included poor nutrition, smoking, physical inactivity and risky alcohol use. The findings revealed that despite efforts instituted in community settings, â€Å"preventive care was not provi ded opportunistically to all, and was preferentially provided to select groups. This suggests a need for practice change strategies to enhance preventive care provision to achieve adherence to clinical guidelines† (McElwaine, et al., 2013, p. 1). The information disclosed herein could be used by policymakers to focus on improving strategies to effectively provide preventive services that would ultimately address injuries and violence in the various communities. o Empowering People The facet of empowering people was specifically explored in the study conducted by Samoocha, Bruinvels, Elbers, Anema, & van der Beek (2010). Due to technological advancements in contemporary times, the authors explored patient empowerment through the provision of accessible information through

MGT CHECKPOINT W3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MGT CHECKPOINT W3 - Essay Example For the format, I would want to take each objective at a time and give a list of things Kim is planning to do, that will make that goal achievable. For example, one of the departmental goals is to increase sales by 10% this fiscal year, what actions would Kim take to give the company 10% increase in sales. If I were Kim, I would use the following framework. First, determine the action framework. Here, questions like, what must be done, why must it be done, when should it be done, who should do it, where should it be done and how should it be done are answered. Secondly, a brilliant plan must have a contingency plan or a back up, which gets the supervisor prepared if something goes wrong. Thirdly, in his plan to achieve objectives, a supervisor must be in line with the existing policies, procedures, rules of a company. The last issue and most remarkable thing for consideration in planning are budgeting, where the initial proposal of a budget is vested on a supervisor. I do not think that Kim’s initial reaction to the planning process is unusual. Planning process is a complex subject, and without proper guidelines, one may not perform well. Kim despite working in this company for seven years as a sales specialist was not familiar with the planning

Causes and Effects of Organisational Structure Change

Causes and Effects of Organisational Structure Change ABSTRACT This dissertation will help to understand the reasons, why organizations change and its affect on the organizational structure. To comprehend the selected topic various secondary sources from the public domain has been taken. Information from these sources has been addressed under the heading literature review. It gives an overview of the triggers of change in the first section with special reference to role of the change agent in the change process, followed by a section how the organizational structure is affected by triggers of change. Next section addresses the contribution of the structure towards change followed by employees attitude to the change process. This literature review helped to understand already established concepts on the topic. And to realize the commercial application of the management theories two companies have been selected, Atari and Oticon. One of them changed its structure because of triggers in the external environment and it was successful and still perfo rming well but the other did not change and it perished. At the end this dissertation helped to look at the ways of making the changing process a subtle experience instead of making it a knee-jerk incident as suggested by many authors in the field. AIMS AND LEARNING OBJECTIVES This dissertation is an attempt to examine the relevance of theoretical studies to real commercial situations. And it gives us an opportunity to demonstrate our understanding and application of the concepts and theories taught in the MSc programme. While undertaking this task it also tested our ability to exhibit business research skills and to make a clear presentation of findings. And finally at the end it allows us to do a critical evaluation of our future career path. METHODOLOGY As a part of MSc Management course work this dissertation is to be completed based on secondary research. And it consists of published journals, books, annual reports of the companies, corporate and other websites. Most of the published journals are available through the University of Glasgow library database belonging to different disciplines from psychology to management reviews. There are certain limitations and challenges faced during its completion like it did not allow any primary research which means restriction of work only through secondary research. But the availability of overwhelming amount of research works on the selected topic posed another challenge. It was challenging to sieve through it and extract the relevant information which would help to conclude the topic. Other challenges faced are the time limit of only four months, and word limit of maximum twelve thousand which is quite less to compress all the work from literature review, company history to analysis of ea ch part. I have called this principle, by which each slight variation, if useful, is preserved, by the term Natural Selection Charles Darwin Charles Darwin was the British naturalist who was renowned for his theories of evolution and natural selection (www.lucidcafe.com). As the theory of natural selection suggests that in the biological world organisms develop certain characteristics that help them to survive in the environment. That is, the strongest survive in certain environmental conditions and these characteristics are transferred from one generation to the next through genes (www.allaboutscience.org). Change is inevitable and environment is changing at a much faster rate than anticipated, influencing all levels of the society, from individual to the corporate settings making the world a vibrant place to live. From organizational perspective, change in an organization can be triggered by advancement of technology, to the quest of the management to excel in the market. And to avoid annihilation one has to transform itself and adapt to its environment. To understand each aspect of change from organizational point of view will be an enormous task with amount of literature available. So the core focus will be to understand the triggers of change, role of a change agent in the changing process. The next aspect is to know why changes within the organization affect its structure. Subsequently the nature of change, that is how organizations change and finally the aspect of employees reaction to the change. And for a better understanding of all the aspects, first it is an attempt to understand the literature available on this topic and to comprehend their application in real life situation two companies have been chosen, Oticon and Atari as the case studies. LITERATURE REVIEW 5.0 INTRODUCTION Literature review is an effort to study the research work done by various authors ranging from 1958 to 2008. The main topic of this research is to understand what makes organizations change and its consequences on the structure. It includes an introduction on various forms of triggers of change comprising of a discussion on the role of a change agent, its leadership style and power skills in the first section. The second section is about how change affects organizational structure. Next section consists of the nature of change that is, the type of change that organizations go through. And the last section deals with employees reaction to change with a discussion on Hofstedes work on culture. There has been an overwhelming amount of research work on different aspect of organizational change and it will be beyond the scope of this dissertation in terms of time and words to cover each topic. So it has been decided to get an overview on a part of organizational change as mentioned above. SECTION 5.1 TRIGGERS OF CHANGE This section would cover the reasons that might activate a change process in an organization. Some authors have classified trigger of change into groups based on their relation to the organization, while others have a more generalised view. Triggers of change have been categorized into external and internal triggers. External triggers would include change in customer needs, competition, innovative technology, new opportunities, change in social and cultural values, change in trading conditions, change in legislation and government policies (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2000a). Scarcity of essential resources also results in change and can lead to formulation of new strategies, policies, rules and regulations, innovative ways of communication, encouraging team work, developing new technology which can lead to the change of the entire structure of the organization (Chackerian and Mavima, 2000). Globalization of marketplace, enhanced technologies, fierce competition, liberalization of economies, single European currency, electronic-trading, reduction of cost in production, information and transportation through economies of scale, supply chain integration (Daft, 2006), environmental awareness towards global warming, industrial waste disposal management, use of renewable and non-renewable raw materials, health awareness towards obesity, diabetes etc making consumers move towards natural food from the synthetic ones, change in lifestyle due to increase in disposable income leading to the change in attitude towards work, leisure-time and society etc. Changing perspective towards work style from traditional to teleworking, outsourcing, advances in communication allows organization to be multinationals without leaving their own countries (Paton and McCalman, 2000a). Internal triggers would include appointment of a new senior executive, new and better ways of serving customers, infrastructure relocation, innovative product development (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2000b). Presence of influential group within the organization can trigger change (Greenwood and Hinings, 1996) or change in top hierarchy may lead to change through accepting and implementing innovation (Boeker, 1997a; Kraatz Moore, 2002). Change of managers within the hierarchy of the organization may lead to change (Boeker, 1997b), new responsibility can bring new motivation to do better and can lead to change through enhance learning, communication and introducing new technology etc (Fernandez and Pitts, 2007a). Organizations experience several types of triggers and thus implement several types of changes. It has been reported that 50% of organizations adapts changes due to crisis (Beddowes and Wille, 2007a). Organizational crisis can arise from external triggers such as competitors which can be a new firm or a rival, change in legislation, action of a stake holder by selling or buying a significant amount of shares, buy-out from an organisation etc (Eccles, 1994a). And 23% of organizations proactively change while anticipating threats and while doing so 44% percent of organizations change their organizational structure. (Beddowes and Wille, 2007b). According to a study of 100 companies, majority showed re-structuring as successful, as there are examples of companies running in losses for millions of dollars for a decade and then turning into a profit making company in two years with evidence of effective work through teams and employee empowerment. So triggers of change can be financial losses leading to drop in profits which can attract new leadership and which may lead to changes in the structure (Haveman, Russo and Meyer, 2001a), increased competition leading to loss of market share, industry in recession, appointment of new chief executive officer, proactive action (opportunities or threats foreseen), technological development and effective ways of staff utilisation (Beddowes and Wille, 2007c). According to Champy and Nohria (1996) there are three major triggers of change; technology, government and globalization. Technology especially information technology has transformed business in many different ways. For example e-banking has opened new strategies for the banks of doing their business electronically and over the net, giving better access to customers with personalised services. Another example is the use of information technology in the field of publishing of research journals. It has helped in speeding up the process of research and its publication. The government role as a trigger of change is by changing the policies which affects businesses. Deregulation, privatisation and free trade etc are opening up new ways for businesses and encouraging them to change their strategies. This type of change in government policies has been termed as regulatory punctuation which gives organizations new opportunities for expansion (Haveman, Russo and Meyer, 2001b). Another trigger of change is the observable fact of globalization. It has helped in developing new concepts of this century like outsourcing and forced companies to work in virtual environment. Change can be a powerful energizer and creative force which can be good and would lead to development of innovative ways of getting a competitive advantage as well as bad with callous demands on employees and other measures like downsizing for cost cutting etc. As mentioned earlier organizations appoint change agent to deal with external triggers which leads to internal changes in the organization. There is evidence that 16% of changes takes place due to appointment of new Chief Executive Officer (CEO) with characteristics like charismatic personality, with a clear idea of what and how changes are to be made, capable of taking a holistic view of the organization and who believes in team work (Beddowes and Wille, 2007d). Managers do play a crucial role in planning and in implementing organizational change (Fernandez and Pitts, 2007b). For effective implementation of change there are three factors that need to be considered, the attitude, motivation and mind set of the change agent designing the change (Newman, 1973a). Previous research suggests that there exists a difference in the role of a change agent in the public sector and the private sector organizations. For example, there is significant amount of work directing towards the fact that public organizations although show more resistance to change but they often change according to Peters and Hogwood (1988) cited in Fernandez and Pitts (2007c). But some authors argued that organizational change has little to do with managerial leadership. As suggested by Hannan and Freeman (1984a) organizations survive because they are strong enough for a particular environment marked by size, age and complexity of the organization. But an organization stands for collective work of individuals and groups to fulfil the objectives and goal through set of rules, which needs direction and vision which is the responsibility of the organizational leader (Burke, 2002). And in order to influence individuals to work collectively towards a common goal is a complex task in itself on the part of the organizational leader. As stated influence is the essence of leadership (Yulk, 2002: P 141). The role of a change agent becomes effective when there is adequate leadership skill or influencing power to let others follow the vision and reach the goal. There is a list of twelve traits which consist of strong drive for responsibility , focus on completing the task , vigorous and persistence in pursuit of goals, venturesomeness and originality in problem solving drive to exercise initiative in social settings, self-confidence , sense of personal identity, willingness to accept consequences of decisions and actions, readiness to absorb interpersonal stress, willingness to tolerate frustration and delays, ability to influence the behaviour of others, capacity to structure social systems to the purpose in hand according to Stogdill (1950, 1954) cited in Huczynski and Buchanan (2007c). While studying American executives, 15 indispensible leadership traits were identified, which are judgement, initiative, integrity , foresight, energy, drive, human relations skill, decisiveness, dependability, emotional stability, fairness, ambition, dedication, objectivity and co-operation according to Stewart (1963) and there are as many as 80 leadership traits, identified in various studies as cited in Huczynski and Buchanan (2007d). As leadership is all about influential skills or power skills on the part of the change agent so that the vision of the change is followed by others (followers). The power to influence others measures the extent of leadership value (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2007e). At individual level power can be seen as a motivational tool when an individual tries to control and influence events and when this is manifested in terms of observable action by others then power is seen as a behavioural aspect. Power in behavioural terms has been divided into eight categories reward, coercive, referent, legitimate, expert power (French and Raven, 1958a), informative, affiliation and group power (Benfari, et.al, 1986a). Reward power describes the ability to influence others in such a manner that followers believe the leader have the capacity to offer valuable reward or incentive in return of the obedience shown to the leaders demand. Coercive nature of power shows that the leader has the capacity to punish in the form of penalties and sanctions in return of noncompliance to the leaders demand. Referent power describes the ability of the leader to control by his/her enigmatic personality. Power is said to be of legitimate nature based on the authoritative position of the leader which is followed by the others as a compulsion. And the expert power which is described by its name that leader has expert knowledge and experience to make other people follow the instructions as it is regarded as of superior nature (French and Raven, 1958b). Informative power is similar to expert power and describes the leader to have undisclosed information crucial to the organization which makes the leader superior and thus followed by others. Affiliation power shows the leader to have strong relations with influential figures in the organization and society and thus followed on this basis. And the last category is the group power which is associated with the leaders ability to lead a team or group with sharing of power and responsibilities. All the eight categories are perceived either as positive (P+), beneficial or negative (P-) as exploitation or mixed response (P+ and P-) by the receiving party according to its characteristics. For example reward and referent power are received as P+. Coercion and information form of power as P-(Benfari, et.al, 1986b). But all are situational that is they have different influential power when used under different situation and the most effective leadership style that has emerged with time is the g roup power with sharing of power between the leader and others, as it can give the feeling of responsibility to take decision which can be rewarding (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2007f). Summary So in brief triggers are mainly external that pressurises organizations to undertake internal changes. And it is a crucial responsibility of the change leader to assess the external situation and act accordingly so that the internal changes are done in a subtle way. When an organization becomes successful in making the relevant changes and performs well, it will pose a threat to other organizations and thus trigger another set of changes taking the course of a chain reaction. But why does an organization has to change its structure? This can be understood in the next section of the literature review. Section 3. 2 Affect of change on the organizational structure As mentioned earlier 44% percent of organizations change their organizational structure (Beddowes and Wille, 2007e) while adopting internal changes. The structure of an organization can be defined simply as the sum total of the ways in which it divides its labour into distinct tasks and then achieves coordination among them.(Mintzberg, 1979a: 2) According to Newman (1973b: xiii) Organization is a system for enabling people to reach or attempt to reach certain objectives and it involves the use of resources to carry out activities towards those objectives. The basic features of an organization involve presence of objective(s), people and the environment in which it operates. Objective(s) would be the reason behind its existence, people working in an organization communicate, coordinate with occasional conflicts carry out activities in an organised way which is in par with the objective(s) of the overall organization. And these objective(s) are the opportunities and constraints provided by the environment, within which an organization exists. In order to survive, an organization must be able to understand the environment i.e. its complex surroundings and establish a relation with the trading market, products and services, suppliers, finances, customer preferences, competitors, employees, government policies, social settings, c ulture etc which would eventually help it to formulate the objective(s). Organization tends to establish relationship between people, units, roles etc with a degree of consistency embracing all the relationships which is the basic source of structure for an organization. The three basic features of organization that demands the need of a structure are first is the organizations desired activity in order to fulfil its objective(s) through effective use of available resources, second, the way of carrying out its activities i.e. the process and the third is the behaviour of the people working for the organization while carrying out the first two features. The function of a structure is to give stability, consistency, by holding things together giving it a form and reducing randomness while outlining its operations. The design of the structure must facilitate the fulfilment of the organizational objective(s). The conventional forms of organization design were the functional form, the e xecutive or administrative form and line or staff form. The functional form of the structure reflects the kind of function performed by the people. As required, new positions are developed along with new divisions or departments. But as complexity of work increases and it requires more coordination among divisions this structure becomes inadequate otherwise this form works well for independent work in each divisions. TOP MANAGEMENT DIVISION A DIVISION B DIVISION C DIVISION D Source: The Functional Form (Newman, 1972c:81) The administrative form separates the organizations actual work and the internal management of the organization. As it is difficult to separate the executive side of the organization which is more result orientated and the administrative side of the organization which controls the resources . Communication plays an important role in coordinating between the two; otherwise it can give rise to conflicts. The line or staff form shows relationship between the operation and the people within the organization that is, work demand and it is an extension of the executive form. One problem faced in this form is the control of managers over the subordinates and another is the orientation of the structure to the kind of work the organization is engaged with. For example line structure can be marketing orientated, sales orientated and so on. But as demand from the environment increases there is a need for multi-functional structure. The inadequacies of the conventional forms led to the formation of the new structure called the matrix form. TOP MANAGEMENT FACILITIES STRUCTURE OUTPUT STRUCTURE Source: Matrix Form (Newman, 1972d:85) Matrix structure is task based or project based that is, based on work demand. It is flexible as it changes according to the project or task at hand. And this type became popular among organizations dealing with large projects like civil engineering, research and development organizations etc. This structure deals with two basic objectives, first is the output of the organization and second is the ability to produce the output. Both are interconnected and interdependent on each other with the top management being responsible for its control and ensuring efficient utilization of resources. As it is project specific, unutilised resources needs to be reallocated or used for training etc. According to Mintzberg (1979b) there are five basic elements of a structure, mutual adjustment, direct supervision, standardization of work process, work outputs and worker skills and these hold the organization together. Mutual adjustment is achieved through informal communication while coordinating work. Direct supervision is the process of scrutinizing and instructing others work by an individual which again ensures mutual adjustment. Standardization of work process, output and worker skills can be achieved when they are precisely specified. In complex organizational environment these five factors work in a loop. Standardization Work Process Of Output Mutual Adjustment Mutual Adjustment Direct Supervision Worker Skills Source: The coordination mechanism among the five basic elements of a structure. (Mintzberg, 1979c: P 7) Organizational change reflects re-organization in the structure of the organization which includes the patterns of roles, policies and procedures which affects the relationship between them and thus affects the structure. The change can be due to new customer preferences, new work requirements, new strategies etc. In order to have an effective process of change, reviewing of the consequences of change is necessary and making relevant adjustments to the structure and policies from the results. The second factor is the change itself and for effective change it is necessary to have adequate information from the past and present as change begins with the analysis of these situations. As change means weakening of old or existing relationships and strengthening new ones and a critical situation is reached when old ties are weakened and new ties are not strong enough. Problems are faced when relationships between various factors in an organisation which were compatible in the old situation becomes incompatible in the new situation. So it is important to develop all the factors in such a way that will reinforce rather than inhibiting peoples work. For an organization to be effective, its structure, policies etc should enhance peoples output and attitude towards change. The third factor is the development of the relationship between the people and the new settings. This can be done by effective communication, consultation, discussion, participation among the employees and involving people in the change process (Newman, 1973e). According to Greiner (1972) as cited in Meredith and Mantel (2003) an organization tends to develop a structure whilst growing and adding resources and establishing relationship between them and at the core is the specialization factor of the human element of the organization. The structure remains stable till it facilitates the completion of the task but if there is change in the nature of the task due to any of the above mentioned triggers of change, and the present structure hinders the completion of the new task, it will indicate a need for change and which affects the structure of the organization. According to Chandler (1962a) organizational structure reflects the health of an organization. Structure is defined as the design of the organization through which the enterprise is administered (p: 14). The design has two aspects, first is the line of control and communication between various units and people working in them and second aspect is the flow of information within these lines. And these two aspects are essential to fulfil the organizational goal. Structure follows the strategy of the organization, for example when an organization decides to expand and increase the number of offices; it requires more administrative infrastructure and people to handle it and thus changes the structure. Again if an organization has overseas expansion plans it will have departments and headquarters to administer its individual units. Diversification to new type of function or vertical integration will attract a multi-departmental structure with a central main office. Diversification into new product line will be supported by multi-divisional structure with a general office to control the divisions. This multidivisional structure would attract decentralisation of authority from the centralised control in departmental structure. The coordination and control of business units takes place through centralisation and decentralisation form of decision making. Centralization means power to control and coordinate resides in one person while decentralisation means division of power into many individuals. Research shows cognitive limitation in centralized decision making as it involves only one person and organizations face many complex situations. And a rational way of making decisions in such situations is through decentralisation. Other benefits of decentralisation are that it allows better understanding of the environment and it facilitates innovation and creativity as it involves many brains (Mintzberg, 1979d). According to Drucker (1988) as soon as a company changes its strategy from paper work to electronic mode it starts affecting the decision process, management structure, over all way of working style of the organization eventually affecting the organizational structure. And this includes change from command and control mode of working in departments and divisions into information based organization of knowledge specialists. According to Burns and Stalker (1961) as cited in Mintzberg (1979e), that if the environment is volatile the organizations have to have a flexible and an organic structure in order to adapt itself to changing environment but if the environment is stable organizations can have bureaucratic structures performing routine and standardised tasks. Organizations have adopted flat, flexible structure which emphasizes on empowerment and team work culture in order to cope up with the changing nature of the environment. Successful organizations show involvement of employees in decision making and also as a part of the change the organization needs (Piderit, 2000a). As stated by Burns and Stalker (1961) cited in Meadows (1980a) organic structure has the following characteristics, team work to complete a common task, no fixed rules or methods to accomplish the task, periodic re-examine of the task so that it can be readjusted according to demands of the surroundings through communication, consultative nature of communication instead of autocratic nature, closely knitted network of communication, devotion towards the organization and the task and appreciation for intellectual and technological soundness. Summary Organizational structure is the reflection of its internal relationship between all its resources (people and work) which are constantly influenced by the external factors. And thus when an organization makes internal changes in order to cope up with the external triggers eventually changes its structure. Organizations need to have a flexible structure (organic) so that it can adapt to the environment which is volatile in nature due to external triggers. And as suggested growth without structural adjustment can lead to economic failure (Chandler, 1962b; p: 16). The next question that arises is that does the structure of the organization affects or facilitates changes within an organization? This can be understood in the next section of the literature review. Section 3.3 Nature of change While organizations adapt to environment, structure plays an important role, if the inherent nature of the structure is flexible then changes are easily done otherwise it poses a threat to both the process and content of change. Organizational change is the difference in organizational features measured over a period of time. Organizational features can range from functions performed by individuals or organizational subunits or relationship among other organizations and the environment (Van de Ven, 2004a). Organizational theories are either focused on the content of change or process of change. Barnett and Carroll (1995a) have suggested a distinction between process and content aspect of the changing organizations. Content refers to the element of the organization that changes and process refers to the actual course of action or procedure that is adopted to make those changes. The outcomes of both content and process changes have different effects on the organization although there is a clear interaction between them. Types of changes due to various triggers can be at various levels. For example, at organisational level, change may occur in the culture and structure of the organization with new work practices, emphasising on training and team work, introducing new reward systems and innovative ways of communication etc. Another prominent type of changing is through cost cutting measures like staff reduction or downsizing. Market led issues may lead to customer orientated focus with new products with better quality, adapting innovative technology (Beddowes and Wille, 2007f). A similar list suggested by Van De Ven (2004b) consists of structural change featuring decentralization or centralization; functional change in strategies to bring new and better products and services; compositional change featuring downsizing and recruitment, resource allocation; change in relationship between organization units through effective communication, exchange of resources across units; change in boundary through bus iness expansion or contraction using mergers, acquisition, joint ventures etc; environmental changes due to resource scarcity etc, and lastly change in performance showing profitability, job satisfaction etc. These comprises of the content aspect of the organization change.

The Reasons of Chinese Immigrated to the United States

The Reasons of Chinese immigrated to the United States Chen Zhang The Reasons of Chinese immigrated to the United States Introduction In China, since the reform and opening-up, there have been two waves of immigration in the last century late 70s and early 90s. With the advent of a new century, China’s economy has come into the phase of rapid development and its informatization construction has been developed at a high speed. Surprisingly, at that time, there is growing the third emigration which is a larger scale one. Among these immigrants, the professional elite and the proportion of affluent people increases year by year.Why do so many Chinese immigrate to US while China is growing fast and full of opportunities? That’s a very good question which might have thousands of answers from the Chinese immigrants. The present study surveys Chinese immigrants’ reasons and attitudes toward immigrate to the United States. Method Participates: The interviews were request ed to be completed by Chinese people I have met in the Chinese school in Edison and New Brunswick, people work in the Asian Cultural Center of NJ, and some of my friends in Montclair State University, Rutgers University and Fairleigh Dickenson University.I have totally interviewed 30 people included 5 people want to immigrate, 23 immigrants, 2 second-generation immigrants (American born Chinese). Questions: Besides the basic information about ages, incomes, the questions included 1) When was your first come to the United States? 2) When did you immigrate? 3) Is there any family member immigrated with you? 4) Why you immigrated to the United States? 5) Why did you choose the United States? Conclusion First, people pursue the high quality of life and the high quality of experience.In this rapidly developing society, the pursuit of a high quality of life has become a demand of modern people. As economy is developing fast, people's living conditions have greatly improved. When people ge t a promotion, they want to move into bigger house and higher living conditions. Human desires are not always fulfilled. People are alive and never satisfied with the present condition. Especially, some successful young people prefer to choose one new life in order to pursue the high-quality experience. They want to challenge themselves in a totally different situation. Life isn't about finding yourself, Life is about creating yourself! † said Lichun Zhang, 46. She is a reporter of one of the biggest Chinese newspaper in the USA. When she was in China, she was a manger of one famous company of Shanghai. For her dream, she left her native place. For this dream, she abandoned a lot such as her prestigious job and her comfortable life. Second, the natural environment in United States is better than in China. During the rapid development of the global economy, natural resource encounters the over-limited exploitation that destroys the environmental balance.Some heavy industry citi es have been serious polluted. Industrialization quickly affected local water and air quality around factories. We can see the big gap between the air quality in China and in some Western country such as the United State. A Chinese student studies in the Fairleigh Dickson University, Zerong Ding said that he likes this new life. He seems to live and study in a big forest park. On the contrary, there are varied and numerous of tall buildings around us. More and more buildings were constructed, less and less green space were damaged.The green space has a great function on adjusting and meliorating the urban climate system and on purifying the urban atmosphere. There are apparent differences in forest fragmentation and disturbance patterns between China and the USA in the current analysis. The possible underlying reasons responsible include differences in political systems, institutions, economy, and so on. (Li, Mao, Zhou, Vogelmann, Zhu,2010) Lawmaking in China did not take ecological , economic and societal benefits of forests into account in the past, which led to an inadequate protection of natural forests.In particular, forest fragmentation issues were not involved in the processes of legislation. To date, a well-defined tenure or ownership has not been available for those collective forests in southern China, and an overloaded forest-related taxation still exists for forest farmers. This has heavily undermined the afforestation initiatives available to forest farmers (Zhang, 2008). In contrast, the USA has pushed many favorable policies, including an adoption of taxation incentive packages to encourage citizens to manage forests.A comprehensive system of laws related to forest management has dramatically advanced forest management levels and led to an overall forest inventory regularly. Beside governmental supports, various NGO’s pay much attention to forest fragmentation issues when management plans are being developed. (Li, Mao, Zhou, Vogelmann, Zhu ,2010) In contrast, USA attaches greater importance to the preservation of natural forests (FAO, 2006). More importantly, the USA tends to pay more attention to technical innovations, as well as efficient and sustainable forestry practices, to help minimize anthropogenic disturbances to forests.Currently, there are significant gaps in forestry technologies and administrative philosophy and capabilities between China and the USA, which are key contributors to different types and levels of forest fragmentation(Li, Mao, Zhou, Vogelmann, Zhu,2010). Although the hardware environment in some big cities of China is good, sometimes even better than American, the forest management levels and the relatively policies must be improved. Third, the rhythm of life in China has become faster and faster, people can easily feel pressure and lost their happiness. China is densely populated.As for China, a developing country with large population, it is hard to solve the problem of employment. Obtainin g employment of university students is a vital and key problem in the development of higher education. More and more graduates are facing a serious problem of obtain employment. In today's highly competitive market environment, working pressure and heated competition are growing day by day. No one wants to be left behind in the competition. Everyone is confronted with more and more fierce competitions. As everybody is pressed for time, the rhythm of life is more anxious. The level of people’s happiness dropped apparently.Today, when people visit China’s major cities, such as Beijing, Shanghai or Chongqing, people can easily feel the rhythm of life much faster than America. Everything happens in a fast forward mode. People feel the vibrancy, and people feel the pressure, too(Lifestyle – China vs. North America). Starting from late 90’s, China pushed forward its reform in its residential housing system, privatizing residential houses by encouraging people t o buy houses with governmental subsidiary. Only since then, China’s real estate market tool off (There was no houses or apartments you can buy before the reform.Everyone lives in the state owned apartments). In merely 10 years, accompanying the fast growing economy, the housing prices in major cities such as Beijing and Shanghai have skyrocketed over 10 folds. However, the affordability went straight down(Lifestyle – China vs. North America). For instance, (Bridge to China, 2010) the current average housing price in Shanghai is about RMB10,000 per square meter, which means a 100 square meter (930 sqft) apartment would cost RMB1 million. (Note: Because China’s large cities are heavily populated, e. g. 0 million in Shanghai alone, few people can afford living in a house, or â€Å"villa† in Chinese term, which costs millions in US or Canadian dollars. Most people live in high-rise condo apartments). The average annual personal income, however, is only RMB40, 000. That means a double income family need 12. 5 years income to pay off their home without spending a dime on food or entertainment. Here in North America, we only need 4 to 5 years. Simply put, in China the young people there just cannot afford to be not aggressive, no matter at work, in business or study. Fourth, the parents want their children can received better education.Shushu Ye, a teacher of Chinese school in Edison said that she has immigrated for her eight-year-old son, Boyang. She wants her son can received advanced skills and techniques in this developed big country. On the other hand, the different between Chinese education system and American is significant. Hailin Wang is the principal of Chinese school in New Brunswick used â€Å"Fear of public speaking†, the most common phobia that people have, to explain these two different systems. For example, strictness is the well-known brand of education in China. In class, students take notes while listening to the l ecture.Most teaching still emphasizes direct instruction and passive learning. Gradually, students become silence and lost our own views in class. We have not chance to talk in public. On the contrary, the interactive learning in the American classroom offers the opportunities to exploit the logical thinking and creativity. American students are used to voice their thought in public. We need to learn from them and practise more in order to supply our deficiency. Fifth, it is convenient for travellers, visitors or the business men do the commercial intercourse between China and America. People have to go through a lot of red tape to get the visa.However, if people become American citizen, they can enjoy the visa exempt. It is convenient for the business man to do the commercial intercourse. For the past ten years, Huang Ye has done a lot of trade with American company. Generally, she needs to travel from China to America three times per month. She has a big company to sell china and Zisha teapot. Zisha teapot of Yixing, is a wonderful work of the traditional Chinese arts with a long history. Ye told me that she loves her job because she found that many American people love these Chinese crafts very much.ReferencesMingshi Li, Lijun Mao, Chunguo Zhou, James E. Vogelmann, Zhiliang Zhu, Comparing forest fragmentation and its drivers in China and the USA with Globcover v2. 2 , Journal of Environmental Management, Volume 91, Issue 12, December 2010, Pages 2572-2580 Zhang, 2008 L. Zhang, Reform of collective forest right system in Jiangxi Province, Scientia Silvae Sinicae 44 (7) (2008), pp. 79–83 (in Chinese). FAO, 2006 FAO, Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005 Rome (2006) ftp://ftp. fao. org/docrep/fao/008/A0400E/A0400E00. pdf/Online . Lifestyle – China vs. North America, January 26, 2010, http://bridge2china. wordpress. com/tag/chinese-immigrants/. Online.

Theme Of Symbolism In A Doll House - 1168 Words

People always dream something and try to find themselves in the hope and lies behind the real world. Continuing in the second plan is a character of the human soul. Honesty makes people different each other. People know themselves accurately, and when bad things happen, they try to trick themselves into something else. Torvald Helmer, the father of three and Nora’s husband, who has different thoughts than his wife. In Noras existentialist transformation, the interaction of consciousness and subconscious cannot be ignored. The play has excellent examples of symbolism and metaphor. There are easy to realize and understand the metaphors, but symbols have deep meanings, which we must feel the Author’s emotion in the three acts while reading a†¦show more content†¦Linde also states the same word for her that Nora was same in the school. When Nora wants to show everything she bought for Christmas, she was pleased and excited because she thought Helmer would be feelin g the same way. When Torvald saw a bunch of things that Nora purchased, he said, â€Å"We cannot spend money recklessly.† Moreover, Nora still does not care about the money, however; she thinks she can borrow money quickly, which she did earlier, but it is not easy for Helmer, who cares about his reputation. In the play, the Christmas tree symbols Nora’s expectation, and how one little thing can affect a relationship smoothly. Tarantella is a dance, which describes the story of horror and enthusiasm of lifes joy. Tarantella dance plays a renewing role in the attitude and personality. Torvald prepares a show with Tarantella dance for the guests. This show is the product of Torvalds aesthetic devotion. He acts like a theatrical director, so he trains to Nora until she does the dance lovely. Torvald does not know about Nora’s debt, which she did for saving Torvald from his disease. Krogstad already knows the situation, who is a lawyer and works with the same bank that Torvald works. Nora scares if Krogstad will tell Torvald that Nora illegally used her father’s sign because Nora pretended his fathers signature to get the money. Nora does not act normal when she dances; she is nervous about thinking that Krogstad might talk about to the debt soon. In the play,Show MoreRelatedCritical Analysis of a Doll House1250 Words   |  5 PagesA Critical Analysis of A Doll House By Henrik Ibsen Henrik Ibsen s background provided him the insight to write the play A Doll House. In Britannica Biographies, Ibsen s father lost his business and the family s financial stability when Ibsen was a young child. Because of the family s financial misfortunes, at the age of 15, Ibsen was forced to leave home and venture out on his own. He supported himself meagerly as an apothecary s apprentice and studied at night to prepare for universityRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen869 Words   |  4 PagesA Doll’s House was written in 1879 by Henrik Ibsen. 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